Diabetes Mellitus
Raised blood glucose (sugar) levels can be asymptomatic or lead to symptoms like frequent urination, thirst, weight loss, repeated infections, etc.
This is divided into two types:
- Type 1 diabetes mellitus, which is commonly seen in children.
- Type 2 diabetes mellitus which is commonly seen in adults.
Hypothyroidism, Hyperthyroidism
Dysfunction of the thyroid gland can lead to weight changes, changes in body temperature, changes in the body's metabolism, etc.
Thyroid Nodules
These nodules are present as small or large neck swellings and may cause compressive symptoms like difficulty swallowing, breathing, etc.
Pituitary Gland-related Disorders
Adenomas: Small tumours of the pituitary gland that can lead to various symptoms like headaches, visual disturbances, etc.
Masses in and around the pituitary gland lead to hyper or hyposecretion of hormones, hypersecretion of certain hormones from the pituitary like prolactin, cortisol, growth hormone, etc.
Growth disorders
Inability to gain height as expected in children, being shorter among peers, stagnant height for months or years, etc.
Excessive facial and body hair
Excessive facial and body hair, menstrual disorders, or obesity:
In females, it is regarded as Hirsutism. It could be a manifestation of common disorders like polycystic Ovarian disease (PCOD) or some rare diseases like tumours of the ovaries or adrenals.
Osteoporosis and related Metabolic Bone Disease
Osteoporosis and related Metabolic Bone Disease, Disturbances in Calcium Metabolism:
Weak bones or fragile bones leading to repeated fractures or progressive stooping of posture, etc. High or low calcium levels in the blood can produce symptoms like cramps, aches, pains, spasms, repeated kidney stones, etc.
Secondary hypertension
Secondary hypertension (pheochromocytoma, hyperaldosteronism):
Severe hypertension not responding to standard treatment could be due to the overproduction of certain hormones like aldosterone, epinephrine, and norepinephrine.
Disorders of Puberty and Fertility
Delayed puberty in boys or girls (non-development of secondary sexual characteristics like body hair, cracking of voice, etc. in boys and non-development of breasts, no menses in girls.)
Males:
Females:
- Infertility
- Loss of libido
- Erectile dysfunction
- Low sperm count
- Primary amenorrhoea
- Premature cessation of menses
Rare Endocrine Tumour Syndromes
Tumours of multiple endocrine glands that occur due to genetic mutations.
